MyChartAirway malformations include anomalies of the mandible (lower jaw), palate, oral cavity, or neck, or masses inside or outside the airway that compress on or obstruct the airway.
Fetal Conditions We Treat
The Fetal and Pregnancy Health Program at Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford evaluates, manages, and treats a wide variety of fetal and placental conditions. Our team uses the most advanced therapies and interventions for mothers and fetuses, and is recognized for our ability to treat complex conditions.
We are able to care for both mothers and babies with complicated disorders due to our close integration with the Johnson Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Services and the adult specialty services at Stanford Hospital.
Our program has expertise in treating many fetal and placental conditions, including the following:
In most twins, each fetus has its own placenta (dichorionic placentation). Monochorionic twins, twins sharing a single placenta, develop when a single embryo splits early in gestation.
Abdominal wall defects, including gastroschisis and omphalocele, occur during fetal development; in these, the skin and other protective tissue does not completely cover the abdomen.
Fetal anemia is a low red blood cell count in the fetus. Fetal anemia most commonly results from an incompatibility between the mother’s blood and fetal blood (also known as isoimmunization), but it can also be due to infections and certain genetic conditions. Fetal anemia can lead to cardiac failure and fetal hydrops.
Abnormalities or differences in brain and central nervous system development can occur during fetal development. These may include ventriculomegaly (enlarged brain ventricles), absent corpus callosum (the nerve fibers that join the two hemispheres of the brain), cerebellar abnormalities (the area of the brain that controls balance), and other brain malformations.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a very serious condition that occurs when the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the abdomen from the chest, doesn’t develop as it should.
How a heart condition affects a baby varies widely and depends on how severe the problem is, when it is diagnosed, and how it is treated. The likelihood of a child having a developmental disability or delay when he or she is older increases with how complex the heart defect is.
Fetal hydrothorax occurs when fluid builds up within the fetal chest. The fluid can compress the developing lungs and shift the heart from its usual position (mediastinal shift). Compression of the lungs can interfere with their normal development.
When an expectant mother has an infection during pregnancy, it can sometimes be passed on to the developing fetus, affecting health and development. Fetal infections are also called congenital (in utero/after birth) infections. Examples of congenital infections include those caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), toxoplasma, parvovirus, syphilis bacteria, varicella (chickenpox) virus, hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and herpes simplex virus.
Learn more about fetal infections
These are masses that grow inside or next to an unborn baby’s lung. They are commonly called bronchopulmonary malformations. Large and complex fetal lung masses can be associated with compression of the developing lung; development of fetal hydrops; polyhydramnios; preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), a rupture of the amniotic sac before labor begins; and preterm birth.
Sometimes a baby’s kidneys do not form correctly in the womb. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprise a group of rare and complex kidney birth malformations, including kidneys that never develop (renal agenesis), kidneys that do not function because they are not fully formed (renal dysplasia), and lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO)—a blockage in a fetus’s urinary tract. CAKUT also includes fetuses with rare problems, such as inherited cystic kidney disease that can lead to kidney failure.
Spina bifida is a condition that happens when the fetus’s bony spine, which protects the spinal cord and nerves, doesn’t develop normally.
Genetic and metabolic conditions can occur when a gene or group of group of genes is changed from what is expected; this can mean that there may be differences in how the body develops or how the body processes energy. Some genetic conditions like cystic fibrosis and spinal muscular atrophy, and metabolic conditions like severe ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency, may benefit from specialized expert care and treatment, both before and after your baby’s delivery.
Sometimes a baby’s kidneys do not form correctly in the womb. Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) comprises a group of rare and complex kidney birth malformations, including kidneys that never develop (renal agenesis), kidneys that do not function because they did not form correctly (renal dysplasia), and lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO)—a blockage in a fetus’s urinary tract. It also includes fetuses with rare problems, such as inherited cystic kidney disease that can lead to kidney failure.
Learn more about fetal lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO)
Neonatal hemochromatosis (NH) is an extremely rare condition that can result in a serious and sometimes fatal injury to the liver of a developing fetus. An occurrence of NH should be considered in women with a history of having a newborn with severe liver disease or women who have experienced a neonatal or fetal loss due to severe liver disease. This is particularly true if a diagnosis of gestational alloimmune liver disease (GALD) was made. Early prenatal treatment in subsequent pregnancies can prevent liver injury, resulting in a healthy baby.
Some kinds of placental disorders (placenta previa, accreta, increta, and percreta) happen when a woman’s placenta grows across the cervix or is attached too deeply to the uterine wall. Placenta accreta is the mildest of the three.
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